Vitamin B5

Conclusion: Simpler, physiologically relevant, and ethically sound models, such as G. mellonella, are needed for studying innate responses in MTBC infection. While insects lack adaptive immunity, they could provide insights into "pure" innate immune responses. The dissection of "pure," "sustained" (later than 7 days post-infection), and trained innate immunity presents additional challenges that require high-resolution temporospatial analytical methods. Identifying early innate immune mediators and targetable pathways in the blood and affected tissues could identify biomarkers for immunization efficiency,

Conclusion: We identified metabolomic associations with dietary intake of dairy, including 3 associations found in 2 independent cohort studies. These results suggest that myristate (14:0) and pantothenate (vitamin B5) are candidate biomarkers of dairy consumption.

Conclusion: These findings emphasize the need for nationally representative, lactation-stage-specific reference ranges for human milk vitamins in China. Such evidence is essential for optimizing maternal dietary strategies, for guiding rational vitamin fortification, and formulation of next-generation infant formulas that better reflect physiological nutrition.