Int J Environ Res Public Health · 2025
The Effects of Thirdhand Vape Residue from Nicotine and Non-Nicotine Vapes on Cells: A Systematic ReviewConclusion: Thirdhand nicotine vape residue contributes to changes in some cells in mouse models but not others. Data available to date provide no convincing evidence of likely significant harm to humans. Further investigation is warranted to confirm or deny this impression.